The Supreme Court s Support For Segregation - 1886 Words

The Supreme Court’s support for segregation in public transportation, decided in Plessy v. Ferguson, surged the implementation of the â€Å"separate but equal† doctrine into an array of facilities affecting everyday lives, including schools. The facilities and schools reserved for Blacks were strikingly separate but not equal to the services available for Whites. Blacks received out-dated, hand-me-down textbooks, school buildings lacked stability and comfort and Black students overall, were not given the same opportunities as White students. Whether the tangible inequalities such as the textbooks or desks were significant or not, â€Å"the comfortable assumption of the biological, cultural, and social superiority of the white race† proved to not†¦show more content†¦Alfred H. Kelly, author of â€Å"The School Desegregation Case,† begins his account of the journey the NAACP lawyers took to succeed in Brown v. Board of Education of the City of Topek a, with the minor but evident improvement of the political and economic status acquired by Blacks since the passing of the 14th and 15th Amendments. Blacks increasingly became more influential; fighting to escape the â€Å"inferior status† of a stranded â€Å"ex-slave† and progressing towards the â€Å"genuine integration of the Negro into the social, economic, and political fabric of American life† (Kelly 245-6). Such improvements between the Plessy and Brown cases enabled the victory of desegregation for the revolutionary NAACP lawyers. Political influence expanded for Blacks who made up an â€Å"elite† of professional individuals in large cities in the North. The power to vote and their â€Å"alliances with local urban political machines† gave them some input on local decisions and later on a more national scale under FDR’s New Deal. A wave of â€Å"jobs, pay ratings, union memberships† and intensified acknowledgements of â€Å"th e cold realities of American racial segregation,† extended the economic power available to Blacks during WWII (Kelly 247). The â€Å"altered position of the Negro in America;† from neglected and helpless individuals, to influential â€Å"lawyers, doctors, schoolteachers, social workers, [and] ministers,† was necessary for the social, economic and political power earned

Abraham Lincoln s Legacy Of The Man Behind The Gun With A...

Michael Dominguez Mrs. Gaither English III -5 4 March 2016 Abraham Lincoln Assassination Early morning of April 15, 1865 the United States of America stood still. It started as a normal day at the theatre, but soon a dramatic turn would change United States history forever. This paper will define President Abraham Lincoln’s life, the man behind the gun with a plan, and how the United States reacted. Abraham Lincoln was the 16th President of the United States of America, he served a single term from 1861 to 1865, but changed history significantly. Lincoln has a remarkable story from his humble beginnings, time in office to his tragic death that shook the nation. Abraham Lincoln was born in a log cabin in Hardin county, Kentucky to Thomas Lincoln and Nancy Hanks Lincoln. The Lincolns’ were soon forced to move from Kentucky to Perry county, Indiana in 1817, where the family â€Å"squatted† on public land to scrap out a living in a crude shelter, hunting game and farming a small pot. (â€Å"Abraham Lincoln Biography†) Thomas Lincoln would eventually be able to purchase the land. When Abraham was just 9 years of age, his mother passed of tremetol (milk sickness). His mother’s death left young Abraham in devastation and he isolated himself from his father. Just a year after her death, Thomas Lincoln married Sarah Bush Johnston, Abraham quickly bonded with her and she would encourage Abraham on the importance of reading. Neighbors would talk about how Abraham would walk for miles just toShow MoreRelatedWilliam Henry Bonney : The Short Lived Journey Of A Boy Without A Mother2644 Words   |  11 Pagesand lonesome juveniles. Billy the Kid is a personification of the American passion for western legends as he is regarded as both a cold blooded killer while being a hero to those who he treasured most as an accomplice and a fellow friend. 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Collisions Lab Free Essays

Collisions in Two Dimensions Abstract: This lab was conducted to investigate the theories of conservation of momentum and kinetic energy in different types of 2D collisions. In order to do this, both an elastic and inelastic collision was conducted on an air table with pucks. A video was taken and analyzed to determine velocity, allowing for future finding of momentum and kinetic energy values. We will write a custom essay sample on Collisions Lab or any similar topic only for you Order Now By finding these, it was possible to determine which kind of collision took place. With low values of change in momentum and kinetic energy that occurred in elastic collisions, it is understood that both are conserved in this type of collision. However, in the inelastic collision, momentum is conserved while kinetic energy is not. Possible error in this lab may have resulted from the neglect of friction and rotational kinetic energy. Overall, however, the results matched up well with the expected values. The objective of the lab was therefore met. Objective: The objective of this lab is to support that momentum will be conserved in all forms of collisions, and that kinetic energy will be conserved only in elastic collisions. Materials: Materials used in this lab were a video camera, an air table with pucks and Velcro bands, and Logger Pro software. Procedure: Videos of collisions of air hockey pucks will be recorded onto the computer’s hard drive. Two different types of collisions will be analyzed. The first will be nearly-elastic, with each puck going separate directions after the collision. The other type is completely inelastic with each buck bearing Velcro so as to stick together upon collision. The first collision requires first setting an origin on the video. Using the Set Scale tool, a distance scale will be set. Trajectory of the center puck is marked and an arbitrary time is picked at which data will begin being extracted. Points will then be added one frame at a time until enough measurements are taken before and after the collision. This is then repeated on the incident puck. This is done for both the center and the white dot on each puck. This data is automatically entered into Logger Pro. The data sets are then graphed. Straight lines are fitted to the graphs to determine the velocities , wich will be used to determine angular speed of the puck’s rotation. A new video will be analyzed in part two. In this collision the position of the center of mass of both pucks will be tracked, along with the position of the center of one of the pucks. This will result in 8 sets of data points. Linear fits are used to determine the velocity components of each. Radius is then used to calculate angular velocity. Results: ELASTIC COLLISION| | Mass 1| Mass 2| V1ix| V1iy| V1fx| V1fy| V2fx| V2fy| | | 0. 05| 0. 05| 2. 557| 1. 511| 0. 077| 1. 056| 2. 488| 0. 3909| | Errors| | | 0. 003525| 0. 003886| 0. 002806| 0. 003190| 0. 00481| 0. 003588| | | P1ix| P1iy| P1i| P2ix| P2iy| P2i| Pi Tot| | | | 0. 1279| 0. 0756| 0. 04174| 0| 0| 0| 0. 04174| | | Errors| | | 0. 0001061| | | 0| 0. 0001061| | | | P1fx| P1fy| P1f| P2fx| P2fy| P2f| Pf Tot| ? P| ? P/Pi| | 0. 1654| 0. 03378| 0. 03761| 0. 01316| -0. 00198| 0. 01331| 0. 05092| 0. 00918| 0. 2199| Errors| | | 0. 001665| | | 0. 000224| 0. 00168| | | | KE1i| KE2i| KEi Tot| KE1f| KE2f| KEf Tot| ? KE| ? KE/KEi| | | 0. 01767| 0| 0. 01767| 0. 01435| 0. 001796| 0. 01615| -0. 00152| -0. 08602| | INELASTIC COLLISION| | Mass 1| Diameter 1| Mass 2| Diameter 2| V1ix| V1iy| V1fx| V1fy| V2Fx| V2Fy| | 0. 052| . 05| 0. 052| 0. 05| 1. 361| 1. 231| 0. 7372| 0. 9625| 0. 5867| 0. 9481| Errors| | | | | . 007372| . 005637| . 04805| . 02558| . 007288| . 02936| | P1ix| P1iy| P1i| P2ix| P2iy| P2i| Pi Tot| | | | | 0. 2832| 0. 02731| 0. 03934| 0| 0| 0| 0. 03934| | | | Errors| | | 0. 000164| | | 0| 0. 000164| | | | | P1fx| P1fy| P1f| P2fx| P2fy| P2f| Pf Tot| ? P| ? P/Pi| | | 0. 01479| 0. 01901| 0. 02409| 0. 02274| 0. 02443| 0. 03338| 0. 03338| -0. 00596| -0. 1515| | Errors| | | 0. 000242| | | 0. 000243| 0. 000343| | | | | ? | KE1i| KE2i| KE rot i| KEi Tot | KEf lin = KE1f = KE2f| KEf Rot| KEf Tot| ? KE| ? KE/KEi| | 3. 27| 0. 015| 0| 0| 0. 015| 0. 005387| 0. 003397| 0. 008784| -0. 00622| -0. 4144| Data Analysis: Angular Velocity =vr Conservation of Momentum: Elastic: x-component 1v1ix+m2v2ix=m1v1fx+m2v2fx 502. 557+500=50. 077+502. 488 127. 85=128. 25 Error:. 311% y-component m1v1iy+m2v2iy=m1v1fy+m2v2fy 501. 511+500=501. 056+50. 3909 75. 55=72. 345 Error:4. 24% Inelastic: x-component 50(1. 361)+50(0)=50(. 7372 )+50(. 5867) 68. 05=66. 2 Error:2. 8% y-component 50(1. 231)+50(0)=50(. 9625)+50(. 9481) 109. 675=95. 53 Error:12. 9% Conservation of Kinetic Energy 12m1v1i2+12m2v2i2+12I11i2+12I12i2= 12m1v1f2+12m2v2f2+12I11f2+12I12f2 12506. 54+1250(0)+12(15625)(. 01)+12(15625)(. 003)= 12(50)(. 006)+12(50)(6. 19)+12(15625)(. 0018)+12(15625)(. 0002) 265. 0625=270 Masses measured in [kg]*Velocities measured in [m/s] *Momentums measured in [kgm/s]*Energies measured in [J] * ? measured in [rad/s] Discussion: The theories of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy in collisions in two dimensions were supported in this lab. While conservation of momentum was supported through both elastic and inelastic equations, conservation of energy was supported only through elastic collisions. Rotational kinetic energy also played a role in the results. The theories are highly supported due to the low amount of error present in this lab. In calculating the final results of kinetic energy and momentum, mass and velocity measurements were used. Momentum and kinetic energy are variables dependent on those of mass and velocity, the independent variables. Because the graphs were position vs. time graphs, the velocity could be derived by looking at the slope. Because the change in momentum in the elastic equation was a relatively small change, momentum in this collision was proven to be conserved. Kinetic energy was also conserved, as is characteristic of elastic collisions, with another very small change. As expected, momentum was also conserved for the inelastic collision. Although the change in kinetic energy was small, the fact that there was some change supports it being an inelastic collision. Energy was not conserved, as expected. Some error in the lab could be contributed to the nearly (but not quite) frictionless air tables. Even slight friction may have affected the data. Another contributing factor to overall error could be the rotational kinetic energy not accounted for in the elastic collision, seeing as energy would have been added to the system. This error could be reduced or eliminated by taking rotational kinetic energy and friction into account. Conclusion: The objective of this lab was to support the theories of conservation of momentum in both elastic and inelastic collisions, and to support the theory of kinetic energy conservation in elastic collisions. Because the changes in the values of kinetic energy and momentum were so small, they proved insignificant and the theories were supported. Therefore, the objective of the lab was met. How to cite Collisions Lab, Papers

Mixed Costs free essay sample

Definition and explanation of mixed or semi variable cost: A  mixed cost  is one that contains both  variable  and  fixed cost  elements. Mixed cost  is also known as  semi variable cost. Examples  of mixed costs include electricity and  telephone bills. A portion of these expenses are usually consists line rent. Line rent normally is fixed for each month. Variable portion consists units consumed or calls made. The relationship between mixed cost and level of activity can be expressed by the following equation or formula: Y = a + bX In this equation, * Y = The total mixed cost * a = The total fixed cost * b = The variable cost per unit * X = The level of activity The equation makes it very easy to calculate what the total mixed cost would be for any level of activity within the relevant range For example, Suppose that the company expects to produce 800 units and company has to pay a fixed cost of $25,000 and a variable manufacturing cost is . 00 per unit. The total mixed cost would be calculated as follows: Y = a + bX Y = $25,000 + ($3. 00 ? 800 units) = $27,400 A characteristic of  mixed cost  that needs to be understood is that we usually have to separate fixed and variable components of the total mixed cost. The analysis of mixed costs: In practice the mixed costs are very common. For example the cost of providing X-ray services to patients is a mixed cost. There are substantial  fixed costs  for equipment  depreciation  and forsalaries  for radiologist and technicians, but there are also  variable costs  for X-ray film, power and supplies. Maintenance costs of  machineries  and plants are also mixed costs. Companies incur costs for renting maintenance  facilities  and for keeping skilled mechanics on the payroll, but the costs of  replacement parts, lubricating oil, tires, and so forth are variable with respect to how often and how far the  machineries  and plants are used. The fixed portion of the mixed cost represents the basic, minimum cost of just having a service available for use. The variable portion represents the cost incurred for actual consumption of the service. The variable element varies in proportion to the amount of service that is consumed . We can now determine the amount of  fixed cost  as follows: Fixed cost element = Total cost ? variable cost element $9,800 ? ($0. 80 per unit ? 8,000 hours) = $3,400 Both the elements, variable and fixed , have now been isolated. The cost of maintenance can now be expressed as $3,400 per month plus $0. 80 per hour. The cost of maintenance can also be expressed in terms of the equation for a straight line as follows: Y = $3,400 + $0. 80X Some times the high and low levels of activity dont coincide with the high and low amounts of cost. For example, the period that has the highest level of activity may not have the highest amount of cost. Nevertheless, the highest and lowest levels of activity are always used to analyze a mixed cost under the high and low point method. the reason is that the analyst would like to use data that reflect the greatest possible variation in activity. While some costs can be classified as pure fixed or pure variable, many include elements of both types. We’ll look at several common examples of mixed costs, breaking them down into their components. To help students better understand account principles, they are often introduced to costs as being fixed or variable. In reality, many of the costs that businesses incur fall in the middle; in essence they are mixed costs. Variable costs are the type that increase or decrease depending of the level of activity being undertaken. For example a drink company normally will not spend money for juice concentrate if it isn’t making drink products, but can expect the sum that it pays to its suppliers to rise in direct proportion to the amount of drinks it makes. Therefore, management will not need to worry about incurring variable costs if operations are temporarily shut down. On the other hand, fixed costs remain constant with little regard to the level of production being realized. A good example of fixed costs is rent. Of course there are exceptions, but whether or not a company is using the full capacity of the facility it is renting, the rent will still become due. However, a positive characteristic of fixed costs is that they usually remain constant; and so everything that is earned after the break-even point is reached increases profit margin. Variable costs change in relation to (and generally in proportion to) sales. Examples include: Chlorine costs for a pool-service company. (More pools serviced = more revenues = more chlorine bought). The cost of nails for a building contractor. (More houses sold = more nails bought). The cost of temporary labor for a temporary staffing company. (More temps placed = more temps hired and paid. ) The cost of paper for a printing company. (More jobs printed = more paper used)   The cost of beef for a restaurant. (You get the idea). **Costs will increase per production** f there are no production, then there are no costs therefore any materials is an example Variable Costs and Fixed CostsAll the costs faced by companies can be broken into two main categories: fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs are costs that are independent of output. These remain constant throughout the relevant range and are usually considered sunk for the relevant range (not relevant to output decisions). Fi xed costs often include rent, buildings, machinery, etc. Variable costs are costs that vary with output. Generally variable costs increase at a constant rate relative to labor and capital. Variable costs may include wages, utilities, materials used in production, etc. In accounting they also often refer to mixed costs. These are simply costs that are part fixed and part variable. An example could be electricityelectricity usage may increase with production but if nothing is produced a factory still may require a certain amount of power just to maintain itself. Below is an example of a firms cost schedule and a graph of the fixed and variable costs. Noticed that the fixed cost curve is flat and the variable cost curve has a constant upward slope. | |